Over the next 600 years, the area was contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of powers, including the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Tsardom of Russia.
Reaching its height in the mid-11th century, the Kievan Rus' gradually declined until its collapse from the Mongol invasion in the 13th century. During the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the loose tribal federation Kievan Rus' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC. The nation's capital and largest city is Kyiv. With a population of 43 million, Ukraine is the eighth-most populous country in Europe.
Ukraine also shares borders with Belarus to the north Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west Romania and Moldova to the south and has a coastline along the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. It is the second-largest country by area in Europe after Russia, which it borders to the east and north-east. Ukraine ( Ukrainian: Україна, romanized: Ukraïna, pronounced ( listen)) is a country in Eastern Europe.
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